APPENDIX continue 3

Table A-512b. Mechanization Planning for Wheat Cultivation in Paddy Field (Example)

1. Pre-condition

Name of crop

Variety

Cultivation pattern

Yield per ha

Cultivated area

Size of field and shape

Covered area

Main farm machinery use

Wheat

Hiyoku-komugi, Asakaze-komugi

row 25 cm and drilling

estimated 5,400 kg

Kita Kanto plain area paddy field

30 a (100 x 30 m)

10 ha

46 P.S. tractor, 19 rows grain drill, 4 rows Combine

2. Table for operation

Items

Cultivation standard

Operation standard

operation standard

Fuel

Name of operation

Period of operation

Materials use

Prime mover

Name of farm machinery

Operation accuracy & method

Field capacity

Operation hours per ha

Fuel consumption

Machinery

Workers

Total

(month & date)

(per ha)

ha/h

h/ha

h/ha

L/h

Seed preparation

11.9-11.12

Thiuram 0.5kg

Manual

1

0.50

Manure spreader

10.20-10.28

Tractor

Manure spreader 2t

Broadcasting

0.249

4.01

1

4.01

D

2.0

Plowing

10.29-11.04

Tractor

Rotary 1.8m

13.9cm deoth

0.279

3.58

1

3.58

D

6.0

Harrowing & leveling

11.05-11.08

Tractor

Puddling harrow 2.4m

0.485

2.06

1

2.06

D

4.9

Fertilizing & seeding

11.09-11.12

Seeds 112kg, compound fertilizer (14,18,16) 533kg

Tractor

Grain drill 2.4m

row width 25cm

0.546

1.83

2

3.66

D

2.6

Herbicide application

11.13-11.06

Saturn-Bahro 7.5L

Tractor

Power sprayer 400L, 7m

0.962

1.04

1

1.04

D

3.0

Water transport(spraying assist.)

11.13-11.16

water 1,000L

Truck

Tank 500L

0.962

1.04

2

2.08

G

4.0

Pressing-1

12.18-12.27

Tractor

Roller 2m width

Pressing

0.893

1.12

1

1.12

D

2.0

Pressing-2

1.25-2.10

Tractor

Roller 3m width

Pressing

0.909

1.1

1

1.10

D

2.0

Top dressing

2.20-2.28

Compound fertilizer (17,0,16) 133kg

Manual

1

2.89

Harvesting & threshing

6.10-6.17

Self-propelled type

Head feeding combine 4row

0.208

4.81

2

9.62

D

5.2

Harvesting & transportation

6.10-6.17

Truck

1t

0.422

2.37

2

4.74

G

4.0

Drying

6.10-6.18

Motors

Cerculated type dryer 21-koku

23.1->12.0 Moisture contents

34.14

2

5.86

K

1.8

Straw gathering

6.18-6.21

Tractor

Tedder & rake 3.6m

1.282

0.78

1

0.78

D

7.7

Straw gathering

6.18-6.21

Tractor

Basler packing 1.42m

0.559

1.79

1

1.79

D

8.4

Total

43.89

44.83

D: Diesel ,G: Gasoline, K: Kerosene See fm-5-1b.xls

Note: Example 1-b. Wheat and Example 1-e. Soybean show two-crop system.

(1) Two-crops cultivation in paddy field of wheat and soybean.

(2) Total rotation of field cultivation are 10 ha, wheat for 10 ha and after wheat 5 ha for soybean, and other 5 ha for vegetable.

 

Table A-512c. Mechanization Planning for Corn Cultivation (Example)

1. Pre-condition

Name of crop

Variety

Cultivation pattern

Yield per ha

Cultivated area

Size of field and shape

Covered area

Main farm machinery use

Pre-plant

Corn

Kou-4

between row 75 cm

between plant 25 cm

estimated 5,000 kg

East Hokkaido, Volcanic soil

ha

40-50 P.S. tractor,4 rows corn planter, corn picker

Sugar beet

        2. Table for operation

Items

Cultivation standard

Operation standard

Fuel

Operation hours per ha (h/ha)

Fuel consumption

Name of operation

Period of operation (month & date)

Materials use (per ha)

Prime mover

Name of farm machinery

Operation

accuracy

& method

Field

capacity

(ha/h)

Machinery

op. hr/ha

Workers

Total operation hour: man-hr/ha

L/h

Tillage

11.01-11.20

kerosene: 12.4L

Tractor

Bottom plow: 14"(35cm)x2

Autumn tillage 25cm depth

0.32

3.1

1

3.1

D

Fertilizer application

kerosene: 1.7L, Phosphorus 500kg

Tractor

Broad-caster: mount type

1.3

0.8

2

1.6

D

Pulverise,

5.01-5.20,

kerosene: 4.8L

Tractor,

Disk harrow: 18"(45cm)x24,

1 times

1.0

1.0

1

1.0

D

Levelling

5.01-5.20

kerosene: 4.2L

Tractor

Tooth harrow: 30x3

2 times

0.83

1.2

1

1.2

D

Fertilizer, Sowing

kerosene: 4.0L, N 150kg, P 180kg, K 100kg, Seed 10kg

Tractor

Corn planter: 4 row

75 cm x 25 cm , 1

0.34

2.9

2

5.8

D

Weed control

6.10-6.20

kerosene: 3.1L, Atorajin 2kg, 800L

Tractor

Sprayer: 450L: mount type

0.65

1.5

1

1.5

D

Cultivating

6.10-6.20

kerosene: 4.0L

Tractor

Weeder

2 times

0.34

3.0

1

3.0

D

Weeding

7.10-7.20

kerosene: 2.0L

Tractor

Cultivator: 4 row

0.65

1.5

1

1.5

D

Pest & disease control

7.20-7.30

kerosene: 3.1L, Endorin 4,660cc

Tractor

Sprayer: 450L: mount type

Awanomeiga: 1,000L

0.43

2.3

1

2.3

D

Harvest

10.01-11.30

kerosene: 2.15L, kerosene: 2.5L

Tractor x 2

Corn picker: 1 row, trailer tank type

0.12

8.1

2

16.2

D

Total

See fm-5-1c.xls

 

Table A-512d. Mechanization Planning for Potato Cultivation (Example)

1. Pre-condition

Name of crop

Variety

Cultivation pattern

Yield per ha

Cultivated area

Size of field and shape

Covered area

Main farm machinery use

Pre-plant

Potato

Danshaku

between row 70 cm

estimated kg

Nagano

ha

36-44 P.S. tractor

2. Table for operation

Items

Cultivation standard

Operation standard

Fuel

Operation hours per ha (h/ha)

Fuel consumption

Name of operation

Period of operation (month & date)

Materials use (per ha)

Prime mover

Name of farm machinery

Operation

accuracy

& method

Field

capacity

(ha/h)

Machinery

op. hr/ha

Workers

Total operation hour: man-hr/ha

L/h

Manure

3/20-3/30

12,000kg/ha

Tractor

Manure spreader

1t

0.79

1.27

1

1.27

D

Tillage

3/26-4/6

Tractor

Disc-plow

26"x3: 2 times

0.29

3.45

1

3.45

D

Pulverise,

3/26-4/6

Tractor

Disc-plow

20x24: 2 times

0.40

2.50

1

2.50

D

Levelling

3/26-4/6

Tractor

Disc-plow

30bladex3

0.63

1.59

1

1.59

D

Fertilizer,

4/1-4/10

10-7-10:1500kg

Tractor

Drill-seeder

13x7

0.52

1.92

2

3.85

D

Planting

4/5-4/15

2000kg

Tractor

Potato planter

2 row

0.19

5.26

2

10.53

D

Weeding

Tractor

Weeder

40cm

1.54

0.65

1

0.65

D

Weeding

5/10-5/20

Tractor

Cultivator: 3 row

0.71

1.41

1

1.41

D

Weed & cultivation

5/20-5/30

Tractor

Cultivator: 3 row

0.71

1.41

1

1.41

D

Weed & cultivation -2

6/5-6/15

Tractor

Cultivator: 3 row

0.71

1.41

1

1.41

D

Weed control

7/5-7/15

EDPD: 4kg

Tractor

Sprayer: 400L: mount type

1.12

0.89

2

1.79

D

Pest & disease control

6/1-6/10

Bordeaux mixture: 2000L

Tractor

Sprayer: 400L: mount type

1.12

0.89

2

1.79

D

Pest & disease control -2

6/7-6/17

Tractor

Sprayer: 400L: mount type

1.12

0.89

2

1.79

D

Leaf processing

7/10-7/20

Tractor

Forage harvester

1m

0.32

3.13

1

3.13

D

Harvest

7/15-7/25

Tractor

Potato harvester 1 row

0.13

7.69

1

7.69

D

Total

See fm-5-1d.xls

 

Table A-512e. Mechanization Planning for Soybean in Paddy Field (Example)

1. Pre-condition

Name of crop

Variety

Cultivation pattern

Yield per ha

Cultivated area

Size of field and shape

Covered area

Main farm machinery use

Soy-bean

Enrei

between row 70 cm

between plant 10 cm

estimated 3,500 kg

Kita Kanto

plain area paddy

field

15 a

(56 m x 27 m)

5 ha

46 P.S. tractor,2 rows type seeder and bean harvester.

        2. Table for operation

Items

Cultivation standard

Operation standard

Fuel

Name of operation

Period of operation

Materials use

Prime mover

Name of farm machinery

Operation

accuracy

& method

Field

capacity

Operation hours per ha (h/ha)

Fuel consumption

(month & date)

(per ha)

ha/h

Machinery

op. Hour

Workers

Total

operation

hour

L/h

Fertilizer application

6.22-6.24

Lime 500 kg ,Comp.(5,15,15) 600 kg

Tractor

Lime sower

Broad casting

0.25

4

1

4

D

2

Plowing & pressing

6.25-6.30

Tractor

Rotary 1.8 m (width) Press roller 2.6 m (width)

One time operation

0.268

3.73

1

3.73

D

3.4

Sowing

6.25-6.30

Seeds 66 kg

Hand tractor

2 rows type Seeder

0.175

5.71

1

5.71

G

0.5

Herbicide application

7.1-7.3

Saturn-baharo 8.0 L

Tractor,Truck

Power sprayer 10 nozzle spray. Water transport

Spray type

0.3

3.33

2

6.66

D

3

Weeding (inter-cultivation)

7.21-7.30

Hand tractor

Rotary cultivator 45 cm width

0.125

8

1

8

G

1.8

Ridging

7.21-7.30

Hand tractor

One row type ridger

0.111

9

1

9

G

1.8

Pest & disease control

Leaf hopper

7.28-8.1

Sumithion 1.2 L

Tractor,Truck

Power sprayer 10 nozzle spray. Water transport

0.333

3

2

6

D

3

Leaf hopper,

Stink .bug, Purple seed stain

8.8-8.12

Sumithion 2.0 L Benlate 1.1 kg

Tractor,Truck

"

Mixed spraying

0.333

3

2

6

D

3

Stink bug,

Pod barer, Purple seed stain

8.23-8.27

Baycid 2.0 L,Benlate 1.1 kg

Tractor,Truck

"

Mixed spraying

0.286

3.5

2

7

D

3

Stink bug,

Pod borer

9.8-9.12

Baycid 2.5 L

Tractor,Truck

"

0.286

3.5

2

7

D

3

Harvest

10.7-10.14

Self propelled type

Bean harvester,0.7 m cutting width

0.089

11.24

1

11.24

G

0.8

Stack drying

10.7-10.14

Manual

Stack drying in line

0

2

19

Threshing

Soy-bean thresher Tractor mount-type

Threshing

in the field

0.279

3.58

3

10.74

D

1.9

Total

61.59

104.08

See: fm-5-1e.xls

 

    A-5-1-6. Coverage of the plural farm works

            1. Plural farm work in different work period by one operator
 

ß ---------------------- S ---------------------------------------------à

Work-1

ß ------------S1 -------------à

   

Work-2

  

ß ------------- S2 --------------à

 

Work-3

    

ß --------- S3 ---------à

 

ß --------------- S12 --------------------------à

 
   

ß ------------------------- S23 ---------------------à

 

109

31

4

35

21
 

ß -------- s1 -------à

ß ----------- s2 ------------à

ß --- s3 -à

Fig. 1 Work period overlapped by plural works

Exercise 1. Calculate CA when farm work data are given as next table.

Symbol

term

  

Work Capacity

  
   

h

h/ha

  

S

Total available working hour

200

  

May 26-July 5

S1

Available working hour for work-1

Tillage and Seeding

140

13

May 26 – June 20

S2

Available working hour for work-2

70

0.8

June 11 - 30

S3

Available working hour for work-3

56

0.8

June 21 – July 5

S12

Available working hour for work-1 and 2

175

    

S23

Available working hour for work-2 and 3

91

    

    WCp = WC1 + WC2 + WC3 = 13 + 0.8 + 0.8 = 14.6 h/ha

s1 = S * WC1 / WCp =200 * 13 / 14.6 = 178.1             Eq. 1

                s2 = S * WC2 / WCp = 200 * 0.8 / 14.6 = 11.0             Eq. 2

                s3 = S * WC3 / WCp = 200 * 0.8 / 14.6 = 11.0             Eq. 3

              1. Therefore, the coverage of plural works CA is shown as next equation.

                2. S/WCp = 200/14.6 =13.7

                S1/WC1= 140/13 = 10.8

                S2/WC2 = 70/0.8 = 87.5

                S3/WC3 = 56/ 0.8 = 70

                S12/(WC1 + WC2)= 175/(13+0.8) =12.7

                S23/(WC2+WC3) = 56/(0.8+0.8) = 35

                CA = min [S / WCp, S1 / WC1, S2 / WC2, S3 / WC3, S12 / (WC1 + WC2), S23 / (WC2 + WC3)] = 10.8             Eq. 4

                 

                 
              2. Calculation of CA by Linear Programming

        X1 <= 109                         Eq. 5

        X2 + X3 <= 31                 Eq. 6

        X4 <= 4                             Eq. 7

        X5 + X6 <= 35                 Eq. 8

        X7 <= 21                         Eq. 9

        (X1 + X2)/WC1 – (X3 + X4 + X5)/ WC2 = 0             Eq. 10

        (X1 + X2)/WC1 – (X6 + X7)/ WC3 = 0                     Eq. 11

And make next objective function maximum

        Z = (X1 + X2)/WC1                                                     Eq. 12

Where, X1 and X2 are hour for work-1, X3,X4,X5 are for work-2, X6 and X7 for work-3 and 1/WC1=0.0769, 1/WC2=1.25, 1/WC3=1.25.

And equations 10, 11 mean that area operated by work-1,2,3 should be equal.

Answer: Z=10.766 ha by LP-vb.xls with lpdA5ex1.xls

 

Table A-523. Cost per ha of harvest vs. farm scale

Yearly farm work area (ha)

Cost per ha (US$/ha)

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

Riding

2 row

Riding

3 row

Riding

4 row

Riding

5 row

Riding

6 row

1.5m

2.4m

3.0m

3.6m

4.8m

sickle

Contract

CA(ha)

10.2

15.4

20.5

25.6

30.7

18.2

28.0

39.4

43.7

65.0

0.9

0.0

0.5

9,638

14,958

22,593

25,761

27,723

17,150

47,387

51,530

55,768

77,603

2,315

1,385

1

5,008

7,606

11,393

12,959

13,906

8,644

23,744

25,801

27,918

38,826

2,311

1,385

2

2,692

3,931

5,794

6,559

6,997

4,391

11,923

12,937

13,992

19,438

2,310

1,385

3

1,920

2,705

3,927

4,425

4,694

2,973

7,982

8,648

9,351

12,975

2,309

1,385

4

1,535

2,093

2,994

3,358

3,543

2,264

6,012

6,504

7,030

9,744

2,309

1,385

5

1,303

1,725

2,434

2,718

2,852

1,839

4,830

5,218

5,637

7,805

2,308

1,385

6

1,149

1,480

2,060

2,291

2,392

1,555

4,042

4,360

4,709

6,512

2,308

1,385

7

1,038

1,305

1,794

1,986

2,063

1,353

3,479

3,748

4,046

5,589

2,308

1,385

8

956

1,174

1,594

1,758

1,816

1,201

3,057

3,288

3,549

4,897

2,308

1,385

9

891

1,072

1,438

1,580

1,624

1,083

2,728

2,931

3,162

4,358

2,308

1,385

10

840

990

1,314

1,438

1,470

988

2,466

2,645

2,852

3,927

2,308

1,385

15

686

745

940

1,011

1,010

705

1,677

1,787

1,924

2,635

2,308

1,385

20

608

622

754

798

780

563

1,283

1,358

1,460

1,988

2,308

1,385

25

562

549

642

670

641

478

1,047

1,101

1,181

1,601

2,308

1,385

30

531

500

567

584

549

421

889

930

996

1,342

2,308

1,385

See DB-FW.xls: Cost harvest

 

 

Fig. A-523. Cost per ha of harvest vs. farm scale

Table A-531-i. Improvement by replacing machinery: Example

No.

Farm Work

Machinery

MA no.

CA (ha)

MA no.

CA (ha)

MA no.

CA (ha)

MA no.

CA (ha)

MA no.

CA (ha).

1

Preparation of seed

Manual

99

188.7

188.7

188.7

188.7

188.7

2

Nursery

Manual

99

23.9

23.9

23.9

23.9

23.9

3

Tillage

Rotary

1

20.1

20.1

20.1

20.1

20.1

4

Basal dressing

Broadcaster

2

48.1

48.1

20

32.1

20

32.1

20

32.1

5

Puddling

puddling harrow

3

41.4

41.4

41.4

41.4

203

34.5

6

Transporting seedling

1 ton truck

4

16.7

16.7

16.7

16.7

16.7

7

Transplanting

Riding type 6 row

5

13.0

13.0

13.0

13.0

13.0

8

Herbicide application

Granule spreader *

6

16.0

16.0

16.0

16.0

16.0

9

Top-dressing & spraying

Manual

99

10.4

10.4

10.4

10.4

10.4

10

Disease control

sprayer,

levee

7

48.6

48.6

48.6

48.6

48.6

11

Ditto: Water

1 ton truck

4

48.6

48.6

48.6

48.6

48.6

12

Disease control Blast

sprayer, levee nozzle,

7

32.4

32.4

32.4

32.4

32.4

13

Ditto: Water

1 ton truck

4

32.4

32.4

32.4

32.4

32.4

14

Top-dressing

Manual

99

18.4

18.4

18.4

18.4

18.4

15

Water manage

(Irrigation facilities)

99

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

16

Harvesting & threshing

Combine harvester

8

13.6

13.6

13.6

13.6

13.6

17

Harvesting Transport

1 ton truck

4

77.4

77.4

77.4

77.4

77.4

18

Drying

Dryer

9

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

19

Husking

Husker

10

44.7

44.7

44.7

100

37.2

100

37.2

20

Rice straw turn over

Tedder & rake

11

37.9

37.9

37.9

37.9

11

37.9

21

Rice straw bale

Baler

12

51.5

120

26.5

120

26.5

120

26.5

120

26.5

FM no.

21

4

19

5

Machine replaced

12

120

2

20

10

100

3

203

Coverage(ha)

51.5

26.5

48.1

32.1

44.7

37.2

41.4

34.5

Total Cost at 1 ha ($/ha)

33,267

31,458

31,411

31,321

30,947

Total Cost at 5 ha ($/ha)

9,352

9,029

9,029

9,028

8,962

Total Cost at 10 ha ($/ha)

6,904

6,766

6,772

6,783

6,754

Total Cost at 20 ha ($/ha)

6,534

6,490

6,498

6,515

6,496

MA No.

Name

Model

Spec.

Price: $

MA No.

Model

Spec.

Price: $

2

Broadcaster

MBC3030

300L

1,500

20

MBC2030

200L

1,308

3

Puddling harrow

HS-240

2.4m

3,031

203

HC-160

2.0m

1,754

10

Husker

MXP30

roll 76mm

2,800

100

MXP25S

roll 63mm

2,423

12

Baler

THB1050

1.4m

13,769

120

RB-510DX

0.73m

7,577

See Rice-sy1.xls:fs-improve

By replacing machine 12, 2,10, 3, all total cost per ha is improved at 1-5 ha, and normally at 10-20 ha.

 

Table A-531-ii. Improvement coverage of system: Example

Farm scale increase by machinery or workers, which coverage is lowest in sheet (3. Coverage), added in Rice Cultivation in Paddy Field

Case No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

FM

No.

Farm Work

Machinery

M

Nw

M

Nw

M

M

M

M

1

Preparation of seed

Manual

0

2

0

2

0

0

0

0

2

Nursery

Manual

0

2

0

2

0

0

0

0

3

Tillage

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

Basal dressing

Broadcaster

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

5

Puddling

puddling harrow

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

6

Transport seedling

1 ton truck

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1*

7

Transplanting

Transplanter

1

2

1

2

1*

2

2

2

8

Herbicide application

Granule spreader

1

1

1

1

1

1

1*

2

9

Top-dressing

Manual

0

1*

0

2

0

0

0

0

10

Pest & Disease control

sprayer,

levee nozzle,

1

6

1

6

1

1

1

1

11

Ditto: Water

1 ton truck

1

3

1

3

1

1

1

1

12

Pest & Disease control

sprayer, levee nozzle,

1

6

1

6

1

1

1

1

13

Ditto: Water

1 ton truck

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

14

Top-dressing

Manual

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

15

Water manage

(Irrigation facilities)

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

16

Harvesting

Combine

1

2

1

2

1

1*

2

2

17

Transporting

1 ton truck

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

18

Drying

Tempering type Dryer

2

0

2*

0

3

3

3

3

19

Husking

Husker

1

3

1

3

1

1

1

1

20

Rice straw turn over

Tedder & rake

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

21

Rice straw gathering

Tedder & rake

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

22

Rice straw bale

Baler

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

M: No. of machine set Nw: No. of workers

Case No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Tractor

1

1

1

1

1

1

Maximum No. of workers

6

6

6

6

6

6

Coverage(ha)

10.4

11.2

13.0

13.6

16.0

16.7

* Farm work No. of minimum coverage

9

18

7

16

8

6

Total Cost at 10 ha ($/ha)

6,198

6,218

6,218

6,307

6,441

6,458

Total Cost at 20 ha ($/ha)

4,756

4,776

4,776

4,865

4,999

5,017

See Rice-sy1.xls:fscale-up

 

Table A-542c. AHP: Example in replacement of tractor

Replace plan

  

Evaluation term

A

Present tractor continuing use

  

1

Breakdown or maintenance

B

Replace to new tractor same PS

  

2

Old-fashioned

C

Replace to new larger tractor

  

3

Management scale

D

Contract farm work

  

4

Labor shortage
     

5

Subsidy
 

An Ibaraki farmer 1995.

  

6

Neighborhood

Result of AHP

Evaluation

1

2

3

4

5

6

  

Weight

0.237

0.024

0.442

0.140

0.100

0.057

1.000

Scoring

            

Total

A

0.412

0.163

0.116

0.111

0.160

0.157

0.195

B

0.190

0.278

0.193

0.100

0.354

0.271

0.202

C

0.074

0.395

0.652

0.261

0.354

0.482

0.415

D

0.312

0.163

0.037

0.525

0.131

0.088

0.186

            

            6. Technical term: 

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2004/5/31