Management phases are shown as follows:

1 Planning phase: Defining an objective for the system, selecting system components and predicting the expected performance of the system.

2 Scheduling phase: Determining the time when the various operations are to be performed. Availability of time, labor supply, job priorities, and crop requirements are some important factors.

3 Operating phase: Carrying out the operations with workers and machines. The operator of machinery will be self-supervised.

4 Improving phase: Utilizing productivity measures and standards to improve the system.

 

Farm work system is an ordered sequence of farm work operations performed in producing and harvesting a particular crop.

Farm work system is a combination of the various subsystems required for culture of all crops grown on a particular farm.

1. 1. Farm work system

Table 511. Arrangements of Farm work system

1.Pre-condition of farming	Case of precondition for farm mechanization system 1. Application area (topography, weather condition etc) 2. Management system and improvement target 3. Field condition (including farm road, size of field, shape) 4. Object of machinery utilization and total operation area 5. Actual condition of farm house hold. 6. Budget for purchase machinery and controlling the management of group farming system.
2.Preparation of farm works	Make out the schedule and plan for land utilization table	Make out the crop cultivation method	Make out the machinery operation schedule
3.Mechanization plan	Make out the cultivation plan of object crop and systematic mechanization table of each crop.
4.Examine of planning	Examine the coverage in calculation table.	Examine the working plan and required labor input	Examine the production cost

1. 2. Precondition

Table 512. Precondition for Farm work system

Items		Precondition
1. Region and farming area		Location and area
2. Management system and its improvement target.		You must clear the following farmer's group such as full time farmer or individual farmer. Clear the improvement target of object crop and its management.
3. Cropping system		Select crops. Plan cropping system, one or two, cropping system or mixed farming
4. Field condition		Field size and shape. Soil conditions. Farm road etc.
5. Actual condition of farmers	Number of farm-house hold	We must arrange and to investigate actual situation of number of farm house hold, total cultivated area, total labour, condition and availability of labour and total farm machinery in planning area.
	Total cultivated area
	Laborer available
	Owned total farm machinery
6. Capital available for buying machinery and its management.		At first, we must clear the cost calculation of machinery, capital available for buying machine, and management's fee etc.
7. Cultivation method		Name of crop, Variety Planting pattern, Estimate yield per ha Covered area
8. Machinery set

Example: CR-plan.xls

1. Rice crop cultivation: Table 512a-1. is an example of North Kanto plain area in Japan.

2. Other examples: Wheat: Table A-512b., Corn: Table A-512c., Potato: Table A-512d., Soybean: Table A-512e. in appendix 3 (fmp-ap3.htm)

Table 512a-1. Mechanization Planning for Rice Transplanting Method in Paddy Field (Example)

1. Pre-condition

Name of crop	Variety	Planting pattern	Yield per ha	Cultivated area	Size of field and shape	Covered area	Main farm machinery use
paddy rice	Akinishiki	rows 30 cm x 13 cm, 25.6 hills/m2, 3 to 5 plants/hill	(estimate) 4,500 kg	Kita-Kanto plain area. paddy field	30 a (100 m x 30 m)	10 ha	46 P.S. tractor, 6 rows Rice Transplanter, 4 row type combine

See fm-5-1a.xls and FS01R-Jm.xls: 1-1. Pre-condition

Table 512a-2. Mechanization Planning for Rice Transplanting Method in Paddy Field (Example)

2. Table for operation

Items	Cultivation standard						Operation standard			Operation hours per ha (h/ha)			Fuel consumption
Name of operation	Period of operation				Materials use (per ha)	Prime mover	Name of farm Machinery	accuracy & method	Field capacity	Machinery	Workers	Total
									ha/h	h/ha		h/ha		L/h
Preparation of seed	5.14-5.20	Seed 35 kg, salt 10 kg, Benlate-T 400 g, Sumithion 80 cc				Manual					2	1.90
Nursery	5.20-6.25					Manual					2	37.50
Tillage	6.12-6.19					Tractor	Rotary 1.8 m	depth 13 cm	0.267	3.74	1	3.74	D	6
Basal dressing fertilizer	6.12-6.19		comp. fertilizer, (10,18,16) 700 kg			Tractor	Broadcaster 300 L		1.515	0.66	2	1.32	D	4.3
Puddling	6 20-6 28					Tractor	puddling harrow 2.4 m width		0.549	1.82	1	1.82	D	5.5
Transporting seedling	6.20-6.29					Tractor	Trailer with seeding box shelves		0.21	4.77	2	9.54	G	4
Rice transplanting	6.21-6.29					Self-propel	Riding type 6 row Rice transplanter		0.172	5.81	2	11.62	D	0.7
Herbicide application	6.26-7.3			Saturn M 30 kg		Manual	Granule spreader *			2.28	1	2.28
Top-dressing & spraying	7.5-7.10			ammonium sulfate 100 kg, Diazinon Granule 30 kg		Manual		mixed spray			1	2.62
Pest & Disease control/
Rice skipper, Sheath blight	8.3-8.7			Dipterex 1.0 L Neo-Asozin 0.7 L		Tractor	Tractor mount type sprayer, levee nozzle, mixed spray		1.852	0.54	6	3.24	D	3
									1.852	0.54	2	1.62	G	4
Stem borer Leaf hopper Leaf Blast	8.25-8.29			Sumithion 1.5 L Bassa 1.0 L Validacim 1.5 L Kitazin 1.5 L		Tractor	Tractor mount type sprayer, levee nozzle, mixed spray		1.235	0.81	6	4.86	D	3
									1.235	0.81	2	1.62		4
Top-dressing	8.10-8.15			comp. fertilizer (17,0,16) 120 kg		Manual					1	6.00
Water management	"6-9"					Manual					1	96.00
Harvest/
Harvesting & threshing	10.20-11.5					Self-propel	Head feeding type 4 row combine		0.115	8.66	2	17.32	D	3.9
Transporting	10.20-11.5					Truck	1 ton truck		0.654	1.53	2	3.06	G	4
Drying	10.20-11.6 Tempering (Circulated)					Motor	21 koku (3780L )	Moisture 21.3-14.0%		34.5	2	9.56	K	2.9
Husking	10.21-11.7					Motor	Husker roll width 76mm	0.24		4.17	3	12.50
Rice straw turn over	10.23-11.8					Tractor	Tedder & rake (3.0m width)	1		1	1	1.00	D	6.1
Rice straw gathering	10.24-11.9					Tractor	Tedder & rake (3.0 m width)	0.909		1.1	1	1.10	D	5.5
Rice straw bale	10.24-11.9					Tractor	Baler (1.4m width)	0.68		1.47	2	2.94	D	10.4
Total										74.21		232.63

D: Diesel ,G: Gasoline, K: Kerosene

 

2. 3. Planning table for farm mechanization

After you decide the precondition of planning, you can make farm mechanization planning table.

 

Table 5-1-3. Planning table of rice cultivation:FS01R-J

Farm work		TOW	Main machine		M	Nw	Rate of work		Working period			Coverage
No	Name		No.	Name			EFC	DC	DATES	DATEE	DWP	CA
					-	-	ha/h	ha/d	-	-	d	ha
1	Tillage	M	1	Tractor	1	1	0.286	1.829	8.Feb	18.Apr	70	93.4
2	Puddling	M	1	Tractor	1	1	0.110	0.703	20.Apr	19.May	30	15.4
3	Nursery	C	99	None	0	0	-	-	2.Apr	21.May	50	-
4	Trans-planting	M	4	Rice trans-planter	1	2	0.134	0.860	22.Apr	21.May	30	18.8
5	Caring crop	M	5	Power Weeder	1	1	0.072	0.396	2.Jun	21.Jul	50	11.9
6	Chemical application	M	6	Power Sprayer	1	3	0.529	2.923	3.Jul	22.Jul	20	35.1
7	Harvest-1	L	99	None	0	1	0.500	2.763	12.Sep	11.Oct	30	49.7
8	Harvest-2	M	7	Head feeding combine	1	1	0.060	0.332	12.Sep	11.Oct	30	6.5
9	Drying	C	99	None	0	0	-	-	13.Sep	11.Nov	60	-
10	Husking	C	99	None	0	0	-	-	15.Sep	13.Nov	60	-
11	Water management	L	99	None	0	1	0.043	0.000	2.Apr	1.Oct	183	-

Where,

symbol	term	unit
TOW	Type of work: M= Machine, C= Contract, L= Manual	-
M, Nw	No. of machine set, workers	-
EFC	Effective Field Capacity	ha/h
DC	Daily Capacity	ha/d
DATES, -E	Starting date or Ending date	-
DWP	Days of working period	d
CA	Coverage	ha

4. 4. Analysis on farm work system
1. Analysis of each farm work: FS01R-Jm.xls
1. Effective Field Capacity, Daily Capacity, Coverage
2. Machinery cost, Variable cost, Cost per hour or ha
3. Graph of Cost per ha and Total cost vs. Annual operation area
2. Analysis of farm work system referring to Table 514.

 

Table 514. Summary of farm work system: Example

See FS01R-Jm.xls : 4-4. Summary of farm work system

No.	Work	TOW	M	Nw	WC	MH	AFC	VCa	CA	ACa-ca	CI-ca
					h/ha	h/ha	$	$/ha	ha	$/ha	-
1	Tillage	M	1	1	3.5	3.5	1,525	48	93.4	284	2.4
2	Puddling	M	1	1	7.2	7.2	2,720	94	19.5	515	4.3
3	Nursery	C	0	0	0.0	0.0	0	1,231	-	1231	10.2
4	Transplanting	M	1	2	7.4	14.9	3,820	155	18.8	746	6.2
5	Caring crop	M	1	1	14.0	14.0	270	171	11.9	212	1.8
6	Chemical application	M	1	3	1.9	5.7	542	118	35.1	202	1.7
7	Harvest-1	L	0	1	2.0	2.0	0	15	49.7	15	0.1
8	Harvest-2	M	1	1	16.7	16.7	4,973	202	6.5	971	8.1
9	Drying	C	0	0	0.0	0.0	0	865	-	865	7.2
10	Husking	C	0	0	0.0	0.0	0	288		288	2.4
11	Water management	L	0	1	23.3	23.3	0	269	-	269	2.2
			max		sum	sum	sum	sum	min	sum	sum
Work system			1	3	76.0	87.2	13,851	3,457	6.5	5,600	46.6

Where,

symbol	term	unit	Sample
TOW	Type of work: M= Machine, C= Contract, L= Manual	-
M, Nw	No. of machine, workers	-
WC	Work capacity	h/ha	76.0
MH	Man-hours per ha	h/ha	87.2
AFC	Annual fixed cost	$	13,851
VCa	Variable cost per ha	$/ha	3,457
ACa	Annual cost per ha	$/ha	5,600
A:	Land area	ha	10.0
CA:	Coverage of system	ha	6.5
Y:	Yield per year	t/ha	4.5
LDP:	Land productivity = Y * Crop Price =(PSa)	$/ha	12,015
LBP:	Labor productivity = (SH)=LDP/MH	$/h
SH :	Sales per working hour of this system = (LBP)	$/h	138
Abp:	Break-even point	ha	1.6
CI-ca :	Cost per ha/ Sales per ha at system coverage	%	46.6
PRa-a:	Profit per ha of system at A (= LDP-AC-a)	$/ha	7,173
PRa-ca:	Profit per ha of system at CA (=LDP-AC-ca)	$/ha	6,415
PRa	Profit per ha of system	$/ha	6,415
PS-a	Total Sales at A (= LDP*A)	$	120,150
PS-ca	Total Sales at CA (= LDP*CA)	$	77,668
ATC-a	Total Cost at A (=AC-a*A)	$	48,420
ATC-ca	Total Cost at CA (=AC-ca*CA)	$	36,197
PR-a:	Total Profit of system at A	$	71,730
PR-ca:	Total Profit of system at CA	$	41,471
PR:	Total Profit of system	$	41,471

 

1. Type of work, number of machinery and workers

Maximum number of workers is available or not?

2. Man-hours per ha

Saving labor hour is reasonable or not.

3. Labour productivity (Sales per work hour)
4. Land productivity (Yield or sales amount per ha)
5. Coverage of each work and Minimum coverage

Minimum coverage of system is important limiting factor.

Also, coverage of each work should be checked out.

If annual operation area is larger than the coverage, we need to supply the additional machinery or worker, and machinery cost is added accordingly.

Assume the same kind of machine in each farm work, then the number of machinery set was adjusted and fixed cost per ha will be calculated by next equations.

M-sys = INT(Aa / CAS + 1)            Eq. 5-1

FCa = AFC / Aa

FCa = AFCs * Msys / Aa                 Eq. 5-2

Where,

symbol	term	unit	Example
	Farm work ( Harvest)		harvest-2
M-sys	Number of machinery set of work	-	4
Aa	Annual farm work area	ha	20
INT	Function of getting integer	-	-
CAS	Coverage of one set	ha	6.5
FCa	Fixed cost per ha	$/ha	995
AFC	Annual total fixed cost	$	19,894
AFCs	Annual fixed cost(of one set)	$	4,973

 

Table 514d. Annual total fixed cost of harvesting work

Annual farm work area	No. of set	Annual total fixed cost	Fixed cost per ha
Aa	M	AFC	FCa
(ha)	-	US$	(US$/ha)
1	1	4,973	4,973
5	1	4,973	995
10	2	9,947	995
15	3	14,920	995
20	4	19,894	995
25	4	19,894	796
30	5	24,867	829

See: harvest-2, CA = 6.5 ha

 

6. Total fixed cost of the farm work system

Total fixed cost etc. of the farm work system will be calculated by summation of each item of farm work correspond to the certain annual farm work area.

 

Table 514e. Total fixed cost of a farm work system: Example

CAS(minimum)=5.6ha, Sales per ha = 12,015 $/ha

Annual farm work area	No. of set (max.)	Annual total fixed cost	Fixed cost per ha	Variable cost per ha	Cost per ha
Aa	M	AFC	FCa	VCa	ATCa
(ha)	-	($)	($/ha)	($/ha)	($/ha)
1	1	13,851	13,851	3,457	17,308
5	1	13,851	2,770	3,457	6,227
10	2	18,824	1,882	3,457	5,339
15	3	24,068	1,605	3,457	5,061
20	4	35,581	1,779	3,457	5,236
25	4	35,851	1,434	3,457	4,891
30	5	40,825	1,361	3,457	4,818

See FS01R-Jm.xls : fwtotal

 



Fig. 5-2. Total cost per ha of a farm work system

7. Annual cost per ha at several farm scale
8. Break-even point

Break-even point or Cross point of rice sales and farm work cost is an important key-point for analyzing the farm work system.

If the cost of farm work system is more than the sales of rice, that is, the expense is larger than income, there is no profit by this farm work system. The break-even point of area shows the point, that there is profit by the system if the farm scale is larger than this point. The break-even point of area is calculated as follows. (Refer to 4-6. Break-even point)

 

PSa * Abp = AFC + VCa * Abp                 Eq. 5-3

or

PSa = VCa + AFC / Abp                             Eq. 5-4

Abp = AFC / (PSa - VCa)                           Eq. 5-5

where,

symbol	term	unit	Example
PSa	Sales per ha	$/ha	12,015
Abp	Break-even point of area	ha	1.62
AFC	Annual total fixed cost	$	13,851
VCa	Total variable cost per ha	$/ha	3,457

 



Fig. 5-3. Total cost and sales amount

See FS01R-Jm.xls :fwtotal

Terms for Break-even point analysis

symbol	term	unit	Example
Rvc	Variable cost ratio = VCa/PSa	-	0.288
Cp	Critical profit unit = PSa - VCa	$/ha	8558
CRp	Critical profit ratio = Cp / PSa = 1 -Rvc	-	0.712
Rs	Safety ratio = 1 -(Abp / A)     A=10ha	-	0.838

 

9. Cost performance (Cost index of farm work)

Cost performance is basic index for economic evaluation. Here, we calculate the ratio cost per ha to sales per ha (Cost index of farm work).

If this is over 100%, it means no profit.

10. Total profit of system

PR = PS - ATC = PSa * A - (AFC + AVCa*A)

     = (PSa - AVCa) * A - AFC                    Eq. 5‑6

11. Profit per ha of system

PRa = PSa – ATCa                             Eq. 5-6

 

12. Maximum profit of farm work system

Maximum profit of farm work system will be normally obtained at largest scale of farm.

If the minimum coverage is less than the farm scale, then it is the limit factor of the farm scale. We can cultivate the farm within the range of the minimum coverage. Therefore, the maximum profit will be normally obtained at the farm scale that is same to the minimum coverage.

PRa-max = PSa - ATCa-ca

= PSa - [AFC/CA + VCa]                           Eq. 5-7

PR-max = PS-ca - ATC-ca

= PS-ca - [AFC + VCa * CA]                     Eq. 5-8

Where,

symbol	term	unit	Example	in FS01R-J
PRa-max	Profit per ha: maximum	$/ha	5,771	7,148
PSa	Sales per ha	$/ha	12,015	12,015
ATCa-ca	Cost per ha at area = coverage	$/ha	6,248	5,624
AFC	Annual fixed cost	$	29,894	13,851
CA	Coverage	ha	10.4	6.464
VCa	Variable cost per ha	$/ha	3,373	3,482
PR-max	Total Profit: maximum	$	60,107	41,310
PS-ca	Total Sales at area = coverage	$	124,496	77,668
ATC-ca	Total Cost at area = coverage	$	64,973	36,358

See:fwtotal-1 and FS01R-Jm.xls: 4-4.Summary-system

Exercise 5-1., 5-2., 5-3., 5-4., 5-5.

 

(xiii)              Income of family farm

Income of family farm is obtained by applying the expense accounting method, and will be shown as follows:

In = PR + VCLB                      Eq. 5‑10

symbol	term	unit	Example in FS01R-J
In	Income of family farm	$	81,250
PR	Profit	$	71,480
VCLB	Labor Cost	$	9,770

See FS-plan.xls and FS01R-Jm.xls

 

(xiv)             Other expenses and income

All other expenses and income should be included for cost analysis.

 

 

symbol	term	unit	Example
LIC	Land improvement or consolidation	$/ha/year	533
WUR	Water utilization or rate	$/ha/year	417
LR	Land rent	$/ha/year	1222
MC	Management cost	$/ha/year	67
AI	Interest	$/ha/year	83
LT	Land tax	$/ha/year	123
CIS	Crop insurance (rice)	$/ha/year	355
BYP	Value of by-product	$/ha/year	250

See FS-plan.xls: 1.Pre. and Ag-cost1.xls

 

 

5. Comparing of farm work systems

Compare and discuss on the several farm work systems: Table 515.

1. Work system name with crop
2. Type of data: Experimental, Statistical, Reference etc.
3. Region or country and Farm scale of the system
4. Maximum workers available and Total man –hours per ha
5. Annual cost per ha at farm scale 1, 10, 20 ha and at coverage
6. Sales amount of product
7. Cost index at the farm scale (Cost performance)
8. Sales per working hour (Labor productivity)
9. Profit per ha of system
10. Break-even point

Table 515. Comparing of several farm work systems

No.	System	Type	FS	Nw- max	TMH	AFC	VCa	CA	ACa-1ha	ACa-10ha	ACa-30ha	ACa-ca	PSa	CI-ca	SH
			ha		h/ha	$	$/ha	ha	$/ha	$/ha	$/ha	$/ha	$/ha	-	$/h
1	FS0m-J	Ref.	1	3	1683	323	18,258	1.2	18,581			18,524	12,015	154	7
2	FS0a-J	Ref.	1	3	727	335	9,661	2.0	9,995			9,829	12,015	82	17
3	FS01-J	TE	6.5	3	68	10,773	3,506	6.5	14,279	4,583	3,865	5,163	12,015	43	177
4	FS01-H	TE
5	Rice	Stat.: 2000	1	3				1.0	0	0	0	9,925	9,895	100
6	Rice	Stat.: 2000	10	3				10	9,925	0	0	6,463	9,895	65
7	Wheat	Stat.: 1998	1	1				1.0	0	0	0	3,706	4,701	79
8	Soy bean	Stat.: 1998	1	1				1.0	0	0	0	4,380	3,386	129
9	Rice kanto	Rice-sys	10	6	196	29,894	3,373	10	33,267	6,362	4,369	6,362	12,015	53	61

Note: 1. FS0m-J: Manual farm work system in Japan by references

2. FS0a-J: Animal farm work system in Japan by references

Where,

symbol	term	unit
FS	Farm scale of system	ha
Nw-max	Number of workers available	-
TMH	Total Man-hours per ha	h/ha
AFC	Annual fixed cost	$
VCa	Variable cost per ha	$/ha
CA	Covered area	ha
ACa-*	Annual cost per ha at farm scale of *	$/ha
PSa	Sales per ha	$/ha
CI	Cost index (x100): = Cost per ha/ Sales per ha	-
SH	Sales per working hour	$/h
PRa	Profit per ha of system	$/ha
Abp	Break-even point	ha

TE/TE-2002.xls: Compare-system, bunken/NOUKI/Ag-cost1.xls

7. 6. Coverage of the plural farm works
1. Single farm work

In case of a farm work, coverage is simply obtained as following equation.

 

CA = DC * AWD * (M or Nw)         Eq. 5-9

DC = EFC * Dn                                 Eq. 5-10

AWD = DWP * ADR                         Eq. 5-11

or,

CA = ANWH * EFC * M = ANWH / WC * M                     Eq. 5-12

where,

symbol	term	unit	Seed preparation
CA	Coverage	ha	67.1
DC	Daily Capacity	ha/d	2.13
M	Number of machine set	-
Nw	Number of workers	-	2
EFC	Effective Field Capacity	ha/h	0.333
Dn	Net working hour	h/d	6.4
AWD	Available Work Day	d	15.7
DWP	Days of Work Period	d	21
ADR	Rate of Available Work Day	-	0.75
ANWH	Available Net Work Hour	h	100.8
WC	Work Capacity	h/ha	3.0

Example: Seed preparation in above table.

Coverage CA = 2.13 * 15.7 * 2 =67.1 ha

 

2. Plural farm work
1. Plural farm work in the certain overlapped period of one operator

We need to operate more than two farm works in certain work period.

 

CAS = ANWH * EFCp = ANWH / WCp                     Eq. 5-13

WCp = WC1/M1 + WC2 / M2 + WC3 / M3 +             Eq. 5-14

 

where, EFCp = 1 / WCp

symbol	term	unit
CAS	Coverage of one set	ha
ANWH	Available Net Work Hour	h
Mi	Number of machine set of farm work(i)	-
Nw	Number of workers	-
EFCp	Effective Field Capacity of plural works	ha/h
WCi	Work Capacity of farm work(i)	h/ha
WCp	Work Capacity of plural works	h/ha

 

2. Plural farm work in overlapped different work period by one operator

S23 = Available working hour for work-2 and 3

Fig. 5-4 Work period overlapped by plural works

1. When S12 >= s1 + s2 and S23 >= s2 + s3,
1. and S1 >= s1, S2 >= s2, S3 >= s3, then

CA = S / WCp = s1 / WC1 = s2 / WC2= s3 / WC3         Eq. 5-16

2. When S1<= s1,

CA = S1 / WC1                 Eq. 5-17

3. When S2<= s2,

CA = S2 / WC2                 Eq. 5-18

4. When S3<= s3,

CA = S3 / WC3                         Eq. 5-19

2. When S12 < s1 + s2 or S23 < s2 + s3,

CA = min [S12 / (WC1 + WC2), S1 / WC1, S2 / WC2]         Eq. 5-20, or

CA = min [S23 / (WC2 + WC3), S2 / WC2, S3 / WC3]         Eq. 5-21

3. Therefore, the coverage of plural works CA is shown as next equation.

CA = min [S / WCp, S1 / WC1, S2 / WC2, S3 / WC3, S12 / (WC1 + WC2), S23 / (WC2 + WC3)]                             Eq. 5-22

4. Calculation of CA by Linear Programming: See A-5-1-6 in appendix